Evolution is change in inherited population characteristics over generations. Different evidence types can support common ancestry. Fossils are incomplete remains or traces of past life. Burial and preservation, sometimes with mineral replacement, can leave a fossil; most organisms never fossilise. Safety: No fossil collecting, specimen handling or purchases. Stop: Stop at paper evidence. Do not break rocks, acquire fossils or treat a sketch as a real fossil observation.

Materials: Paper; Pencil 1. Divide a page into Fossils, Anatomy and Geography. In Fossils, copy illustrative ordered layers: older undisturbed layer has shell type A; younger layer has a related shell type B with a different ridge pattern. Explain what changes across the record and why this alone cannot prove A directly gave rise to B. 2. In Anatomy, draw three schematic forelimbs: human arm, whale flipper and bat wing. Give each an upper-arm bone, two forearm bones, wrist bones and digits. Label grasping, swimming and flying. Bone lengths and shapes need not match. 3. Write why the same underlying arrangement with different uses supports inherited modification from a shared ancestor. Similar use alone is weaker: insect wings have no matching vertebrate arm-bone pattern. 4. In Geography, write this source-based case: Galápagos finches resemble mainland South American finches but island species differ in beak form. Draw mainland → islands with a question mark for the inferred ancestral dispersal. Explain why relatedness plus location supports branching evolution, not an island causing a bird to choose a beak. Done: The sheet has three evidence types, one inference for each and one limit on a fossil inference. Proof: Keep the evidence sheet and schematic limbs. Note copied model features and adult explanation help. Stop: Stop at paper evidence. Do not break rocks, acquire fossils or treat a sketch as a real fossil observation.