Unequal solar heating supplies energy for large-scale circulation. Earth’s rotation deflects moving air rightward relative to its motion in the Northern Hemisphere, leftward in the Southern Hemisphere. Three-cell diagrams are averages, not fixed walls. A fast upper-level jet stream helps steer weather. Links from amplified Arctic warming to particular persistent extremes remain complex and uncertain. Safety: Paper model only; no storm watching or safety decisions. Stop: Stop after the average-pattern explanation. No live weather analysis, fan experiment, or prediction of an extreme event.

Materials: Paper; Pencil; Ruler 1. Draw two matching latitude strips, north and south, each with marks 0°,30°,60°,90°. Label bands Hadley 0–30, Ferrel 30–60, Polar 60–90, with Approximate average boundaries. Write Equator warmer; poles cooler beside an unequal-heating arrow. 2. On the northern strip draw surface arrows southwest in 0–30 (northeast trades), northeast in 30–60 (westerlies), southwest in 60–90 (polar easterlies). On the southern strip draw northwest, southeast, northwest arrows respectively. Explain that wind names describe where wind comes from. 3. In a separate side view draw air rising near 0°, sinking near 30°, rising near 60°, and sinking near 90°; connect with curved arrows for three schematic loops. Label Ferrel: average circulation influenced by weather systems, not a simple heat-driven loop. 4. Draw a west-to-east upper-air jet with a broad bend. Place a fictional UK marker near 55° N and Atlantic west of it. Explain how westerly flow often brings Atlantic weather, without claiming every UK wind is westerly. 5. Compare two statements: A Arctic warming always makes the jet wavier and causes every long heatwave. B A persistent blocked pattern can prolong weather; Arctic amplification may influence circulation, but links depend on conditions and remain uncertain. Select the defensible statement and give its limit. Done: Both labelled strips, six surface arrows, one three-cell side view, a jet/UK sketch, and a qualified choice are complete. Proof: Keep all sketches and the B justification. Note supplied labels, compass help, or adult drawing. Stop: Stop after the average-pattern explanation. No live weather analysis, fan experiment, or prediction of an extreme event.