These are bounded opportunities, not learner attainment. Partial and blocked source requirements remain so.

• partial: Understand why the poles have extreme seasons — Earth's axis is tilted at about 23.5°, so as it orbits the Sun, each pole spends half the year tilted toward the Sun (continuous daylight, warmer summer) and half tilted away (continuous darkness, bitter winter); this tilt also drives the annual cycle of sea ice expanding in winter and retreating in summer, and triggers animal behaviours like migration and breeding

  Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.

• partial: Explain that Earth's axis is tilted at about 23.5° and this tilt causes the extreme polar seasons

  Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.

• partial: Describe how the tilt means each pole faces toward the Sun for half the year (summer/daylight) and away for the other half (winter/darkness)

  Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.

• partial: Connect the seasonal cycle to at least one animal behaviour, such as migration or sea ice retreat affecting hunting

  Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.

• partial: Can {{name}} explain WHY the poles have months of daylight in summer and months of darkness in winter — that it's because Earth is tilted on its axis as it goes around the Sun?

  Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.

• Schematic polar explanation; no full globe ray-tracing or quantified sea-ice observation.